The American Civil Liberties Union - 1418 Words

When Americans first set their eyes on the 20th century, they hoped for a better life without war and a prospering economy. This vision of freedom and liberty in America was quite bold, knowing there were challenges ahead. There’s always a price to pay and obstacles to go through when the circumstances are not ideal. During the early 1900s, our country was evolving and starting a new era. An era where blacks were no longer slaves, civil rights movements were occurring, and citizens were having issues with the law. It was a moment in time that helped us understand why these events occurred. From those events, wars, and movements, we can learn and improve from any flaws we may encounter. As a nation, we will be better prepared and aware of these scenarios because we reflect on our country’s past. During World War I, the Progressives, who are a political party later called the American Civil Liberties Union, talked about our individual rights as citizens and the liberty we fought for. Before we entered the war, our legal rights were taken away, and left many in the U.S very upset and worried. â€Å"In 1917, a group of Pacifists, Progressive shocked by wartime attacks on freedom of speech, and lawyers outraged at what they considered violations of Americans’ legal rights formed the Civil Liberal Bureau.† (The Fight for Civil Liberties, pg. 135). With no one saying anything or speaking up, it put people in the position to be concerned because they weren’t allowed to say whatShow MoreRelatedThe American Civil Liberties Union1714 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Civil Liberties Union is a large and influential non-profit organization that was founded in 1920. The American Civil Liberties Union is a nonpartisan group that serves to protect the individual rights and liberties of American citizens and is considered a powerful interest group, especially within movements that advocate civil rights and civil liberty. Ginsberg, Lowi, W eir, and Tolbert define interests group as â€Å"individuals who organize to influence the government’s program and policies†Read MoreThe American Civil Liberties Union1639 Words   |  7 Pagesgoverned on what white men could do. It had no rights for men of different races. This went on to show that we needed a section that could relate to the people of the states, so that their freedom was protected in this new Constitution. (American Civil Liberties Union) This debate of do we need to include a Bill of Rights for the everyday citizens of the states went on for four years. The Federalists did not think we needed a Bill of Rights because they did not believe in giving the people of the statesRead MoreThe American Civil Liberties Union1155 Words   |  5 Pages According to Carl Takei, a staff attorney with the American Civil Liberties Union, ICE has somewhat complied with President Obama’s mandates. They have released documents on cases of medical negligence leading to deaths but only to people who ask under the Freedom of Information Act. The purpose of President Obama’s mandated reviews was to improve the medical care of the next person. Through investigation by the American Civil Liberties Union, ICE was found to not use these reviews for betteringRead MoreThe American Civil Liberties Union1233 Words   |  5 Pagesthe judicial system is the obvious bias in criminal sentencing in the court. Many studies support the conclusion that people of color are sentenced longer in prison for the same crime as a white person (McElrath, Tran, and Taylor 2). The American Civil Liberties Union released data and specific cases that contribute to this topic. Kenneth Rouse, a Black man, was tried by an all-white jury after the prosecutor eliminated every eligible Black juror from the panel. This is a common discrepancy in theRead MoreThe American Civil Liberties Union1630 Words   |  7 Pagesin incarnations by placing many people in jail more than the last four decades. Mostly because of the war on drugs. So far whites and blacks have been involved in many drug offenses, possession and sales, at a very comparable rate. â€Å"While African Americans comprise 13% of the US population and 14% of monthly drug users they are 37% of the people arrested for drug offenses† (Marc Mauer). The police usually stop blacks and Latinos at rates higher than whites. Within New York City, the people of colorRead MoreAmerican Civil Liberties Union Of Michigan ( Aclu )1378 Words   |  6 Pagesinterest groups is the Flint water crisis. Although many local and global organizations seek to provide support and resources for the city of Flint, the three non-economic interest groups that will be discussed in this paper include the American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan (ACLU), the National Resources Defense Council (NRDC), and the Community Foundation of Greater Flint (CFGF). The approaches, stances, and effectiveness of these organizations will be interpreted, while recommendations aboutRead MoreAmerican Civil Liberties Union: Study Notes1252 Words   |  5 Pagesin American history. The African American community in particular has worked very diligently over the years to end segregation as a means to achieve equal rights for its entire constituent base. Body paragraph #1 - Topic Sentence #1- To begin, the African American community has obtained equal rights through collectivism. The African American community has always been close knit in response to oppression. Instead of disbanded as a result of turmoil and mass confusion, the African American communityRead MoreBlack Men And The American Civil Liberties Union1088 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to to the American Civil Liberties Union, California’s research shows that black men are three times more likely to be stopped and frisked than whites. (Quigley) Some may say that this topic is based on nothing but opinions. That is not true. There are facts behind the accusations made by so many people accusing law enforcement agents of being racist. The job of law enforcement is to serve and protect the people, showing no bias towards any specific race, but this is not always the caseRead MoreRacial Profiling And The American Civil Liberties Union1081 Words   |  5 Pages but the community may never know the whole tru th. The pain and misery caused by racial profiling greatly outweighs the positive aspects. Racial profiling is vastly different from criminal profiling. Racial profiling, as stated by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), â€Å"refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin† (â€Å"The Reality of Racial Profiling†). RacialRead MoreRacial Profiling And The American Civil Liberties Union998 Words   |  4 Pageshold a variety of meanings. As defined by the American Civil Liberties Union, however, racial profiling is the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin (â€Å"Racial Profiling†). Every day, blacks are stopped much more frequently for aimless searches and minor infractions than their white counterparts. Several African Americans share experiences like these, such as Roscoe

Imagine having to be a child playing sexually with one...

Imagine having to be a child playing sexually with one another instead of being normal and playing with your toys or running outside in the playground. Aldous Huxley was a British writer considered by many as a visionary thinker who published a novel on Brave New World in 1952 right after World War I which impacted the world economy financially and emotionally. Brave new world takes place in London A.F. 632 nearly 600 years into the future. A.F. which is an abbreviated for After Ford, the name of the great industrialist who invented the assembly line and the mass production. Huxley’s purpose of his novel focused on defending a kind on how humanism scientific progression would hurt man kind. The novel brakes into the delineate of what a†¦show more content†¦The director then explains to the students the process of which humans are grown and conditioned; it’s all a little disturbing from how it is seen. Just like the real world, there system is divided into alpha s; deltas, betas, gammas, and epsilons, witch is scaled from richest to the poorest, and smartest to the dumbest. â€Å"The castes are distinguished by their clothing further dehumanizes them. To any member of the higher caste, ALL deltas look exactly the same† (www.shmoop.com). The castes are treated as dogs, being told how to dress and punished if they disobey. â€Å"Very nearly what’s going to happen to you young men. I was on the point of being sent to an island† Bernard said â€Å"you can’t send me I haven’t done anything† (www.huxley.net). This proves that misbehavior or wanting to be different from others has a price to it, a price where one is to be abandoned in an island. No one can be different in brave new world, it is by demand that† everyone is to be like everyone else.† â€Å"Feelings, passions, commitments, and relationships .Citizens of world state have no fathers, mothers, husbands, and wife’s, children or loved ones because such relationships that keep them from that of produced emotional instability, strife and unhappiness.†(www.sparknotes.com) Linda , lenina, Bernard ,Helmholtz and john live in a world of sexuality , drugs, and a social predestination where everyone is to be in a society and no one has their personal liberty. Soma considered as†Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Child Abuse On Children3821 Words   |  16 Pageslives. Imagine for a moment what it’s like to be in a situation where the persons you trust to care for and guide over you, are the ones that place these victims in this complex problems in which they are not able to resist from taking its course. â€Å"According to RAINN child abuse organization child abuse is a when a perpetrator intentionally harms a minor physically, psychologically, sexually, or by acts of neglect committing such a crime that may have long lasting effects on the abused child for yearsRead MoreInfluence of Media on Teenagers4405 Words   |  18 Pagesteenagers, the ways in which individuals and groups dress, talk, behave, and think. The media, in the forms of movies, television, radio, and print as well as the new electronic communications media of the Internet, helps to connect individuals to one another and to the world. Invariably, this powerful influence shapes the ways in which viewers or participants perceive the world and their own place within that world. Given that teenagers are often highly impressionable and subject to such influencesRead MoreInfluencing Socio Political Cultural Factors Essay4922 Words   |  20 Pagesshould not be sexually attracted to other boys. Throughout the movie there is confusion whether society (neighbors) are worried about Ludovic’s expression to be a girl or that she wants to marry Jerome. As Ludovic’s mother tries to trim Ludovic’s hair so Ludovic could look more like her father and brother, the mother tells her â€Å"you know Ludo†¦ boys don’t marry boys† (Scotta, 1997) and to her relief Ludovic says she knows. This confusion continues when Ludovic and Jerome are caught playing wedding withRead More Will lowering the drinking age solve the problem of binge drinking among college students?2643 Words   |  11 Pagesa part of human civilization for hundreds of thousands of years and is linked but not limited to, pleasure, and sociability in many people’s minds. Up until 1984 the legal age for people to drink was eighteen, that age was then raised up to twenty-one in order to reduce the death rate of many teenagers who were dying because of alcohol related problems. Today, many people believe t hat lowering the drinking age back down to eighteen would reduce and or solve the problem of binge drinking among collegeRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Anna Karenina and Madam Bovary7118 Words   |  29 Pagesexpensive urban lifestyle yet not very smart about money, it is this dichotomy of traits that keeps Emma careening from one radically different situation to the next: first falling hard for her fathers roving rural doctor Charles Bovary, thinking that their marriage will finally bring her the sophisticated Paris life full of passion and grandeur shes always dreamed of; but instead getting stuck in a provincial town where nothing ever happens and trying and failing at a domestic life. This leads toRead MoreThe Sociology of Women: A Study4847 Words   |  19 Pagesperson with a female gender identity. Several myths and misconceptions are associated with Trans women. It is commonly believed that penis is cut off but this is a false perception. Inversion method is used to co nvert penis to female genital organs. Another myth about Trans women is that they are appropriating the female body, but appropriation refers to co-opting someone elses individuality, trans women do not do that, it just expresses its own identity. It is also believed that Trans women do notRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Terms9960 Words   |  40 Pagespersonality disorder to me. the therapist being quoted is using what instrument to make the diagnosis theres nothing out there for me. i cant stand other people, and i cant stand myself, either. I am just really mad right now. such a statement would most likely be made by someone with which personality disorder what is over there? asks the child, pointing to a distant object, Does it belong to you? the child asks the therapist. the therapist answers the child in detail, and praises the childsRead MoreSt. John s Wort Essay11098 Words   |  45 Pagesaddictions or medications to help us through. In the last couple of decades, though, cer tain natural (plant-derived) substances have begun to garner reputations for helping to give people an overall feeling of well being. St John s Wort is one notable example of an herb used to treat depression. Another, which is more commonly associated with combating anxiety and easing stress, is Kava. Kava is a relatively recent arrival on the shelves of health stores. Requiring a warm and moist climate, the plant hadRead MorePyschoanalytic Personalities Essay Notes9106 Words   |  37 Pagesdefense mechanisms with real-life examples.Include an introduction and conclusion in your paper. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. | 8/31/11 by 6pm | 12 | FIRST QUESTION Adler’s Differences with Freudian Theory In 1902, Adler was one of those invited to attend some small, casual seminars with Freud. Although his views were somewhat different from those of the Freudian psychoanalysts, he remained a member of the group for a number of years. But by 1911, the disagreements betweenRead MoreEating Disorders and Free Essays8687 Words   |  35 PagesDangers of Living with an Eating Disorder - The Dangers of Living with an Eating Disorder Imagine waking up every morning, struggling to get out of bed. The room spins. Stumbling over to the mirror, you study and criticize every last inch of your body as the words â€Å"fat, ugly, worthless† echo in your head. You then stagger to the bathroom, using the wall to hold you up. You don’t remember the last time you ate a â€Å"normal† meal. Stepping on the scale will determine your mood for the day. If it has decreased

Issue of Visible Homelessness in Canada-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Homelessness in Canada. Answer: This article discusses the issue of visible homelessness particularly in the Northern Territories of Canada especially in the Yellowknife and Inuvik. Homelessnessin these two communities excessively has affected the Aboriginal northerners of Canada, however there is a very little information about their individual pathways tohomelessness. This issue is confined to the larger urbanizing regional centres. However, many of the homeless Aboriginal northerners have found to be originated from some small and rural settlement communities. The article has pointed out that the government has paid little attention to the factors where small communities intersect to increase the level of homelessness as well as shape the territorial geography. In this particular article the author has revealed the hidden factors that constantly contribute in the more visible forms of homelessness in the Northern Territory. There is some particular dynamics among the rule communities and the northern urban centr es. These latter centres provide opportunities for which the rural settlements flow towards the urban settlement. This article reveals the chronic housing requirement among the homeless people which remain untouched. Moreover, there is a problem of disintegration in building the social relationship in the settlements. The author of this article has explored these factors influencing the rural?urban migration among the homeless population in Canada. This article focusses on the issues of increasing drug addiction among the homeless youth in Canada. The research has disclosed the fact that drug is a factor for increasing mortality risk and poor health. The objective of this article is to determine the prevalence as well as characteristics of drug use among the homeless people. This research has also examined the association among the drug problems with mental as well as physical health status. The information has been collected on the demographic features as well as pattern of the drag use. The addiction severity index has been used to assess the level of drug addiction. Through regression analysis, the associated drug problems have been determined along with mental and physical health status. The research data has revealed that 40% of homeless individuals who are single as well as less educated and became homeless at a very tender age. Among these drugs, Marijuana and cocaine are the most frequently used drugs which have ultimat ely affected the mental health of the addicts. This article has provided a huge hoard of data for understanding the situation of the homeless youth the Canada. Most importantly, current drug addiction problems are associated with the poorer psychological health status but not with the poor physical health status among the homeless youth. This journal article has focused on the homelessness as a growing social problem of Canada which is affecting more than 235,000 people per year in rural, urban, suburban and the Northern communities. Despite the fact that this issue has been emerged due to colonisation, states withdrawal from the housing provision and income inequality. According to the author, the government policies of homelessness tend to focus on the service provisions instead of addressing the root causes. The article has reviewed the responses of the activists, advocacy, policies and services towards the homelessness issue. This article has pointed out that the homeless sector conferences are the important sites of governance where the service providers collaborate for delivering ad developing policies. The normative cultures of these conferences along with their broad construction of homelessness as technical problem, tend to permit unopposed the prevailing social, economic, political and institutional arrange ments as the chief reasons of homelessness. Current interventions by the people along with their allies, facing the issues of homelessness and associated health problems have appealed a discursive space at the Canadian national homelessness conferences for the outsider demands as well as perspectives. The article has concluded with the view that these interventions open possibilities for newer alliances, better analysis, and tactics necessary for ending this issue. This peer reviewed journal article focuses on the health issues faced by the homeless women in Canada. This multilevel action research project is designed for informing the development of culturally appropriate as well as gender specific services that the government provides to the northern women. These category includes women how are basically either homeless or marginally housed. Most of these women face mantel health issues and other health concerns. This particular article has been selected to study the barriers and supports that the homeless women in the Norther part of Canada experience. These supports comprise of mental health care services, housing facilities and other supportive measures. This study informs the work of the Northern service providers as well as the policy advocates in the position to implement alterations in their praxis. This article follows the method of semi-structured and qualitative interviews which describes the trajectories that create barrier for acce ssing the women services. These interviews reveal that most of the homeless women in Norther part of Canada, are suffering from poverty, unresolved trauma and social exclusion. These women have multifaceted challenges as they cannot access the services to find and maintain houses and effective health policies like other residents. The article concludes with recommendation how the government agencies can face these increasing mental health issues in the homeless women. This particular journal article discusses the homelessness issues faced by the people living in the rural areas of Canada. According to the authors of this article, the concept of homelessness in the rural Canada has not been acknowledged previously. The agencies and social care service organisations used to have very limited data as there were limited scope for reach for understanding the scope and dynamics of the rural homelessness in Canada. This article has been chosen because it emphasises, the research process for examining different themes from the provincial perspectives. This article aims to provide a vast and expanding knowledge based on the nature of the homelessness issues in the rural provinces of Canada., especially Alberta. This article discusses issues on the basis of the interview conducted with the service providers as well as other the social service providers in order to understand the dynamics of rural homelessness. This process also includes the responses of the 20 rural communities in this region. According to the local contexts, the magnitude of the homelessness issues and dynamics vary. This article provides some recommendations that have emerged from these collected data to build on experiences, strengths of the communities and their capacities References Waegemakers Schiff, J., Schiff, R., Turner, A. (2016). Rural Homelessness in Western Canada: Lessons Learned from Diverse Communities.Social Inclusion,4(4), 73. https://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i4.633 Christensen, J. (2012). They want a different life: Rural northern settlement dynamics and pathways to homelessness in Yellowknife and Inuvik, Northwest Territories.The Canadian Geographer / Le Gographe Canadien,56(4), 419-438. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2012.00439.x Grinman, M., Chiu, S., Redelmeier, D., Levinson, W., Kiss, A., Tolomiczenko, G. et al. (2010). Drug problems among homeless individuals in Toronto, Canada: prevalence, drugs of choice, and relation to health status.BMC Public Health,10(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-94 Paradis, E. (2016). Outsiders Within: Claiming Discursive Space at National Homelessness Conferences in Canada.Social Inclusion,4(4), 97. https://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i4.670 Schmidt, R., Hrenchuk, C., Bopp, J., Poole, N. (2015). Trajectories of women's homelessness in Canada's 3 northern territories.International Journal Of Circumpolar Health,74(1), 29778. https://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v74.29778

Sandwich Restaurant Sample Business Plan free essay sample

Keys to SuccessThe design and implementation of strict financial controls which will be important,  since the restaurant industry is quite competitive.It offers high-quality fresh and healthy food to clearly stand out from the competition. The last key is the needs to ensure proper visibility have an effective, targeted marketing campaign to support the opening of the store in order to ensure enough business.MissionTo offer the finest, healthiest and best-tasting pita sandwiches in Nakuru. We will offer the finest customer service; no customer will leave who is dissatisfied.Keys to SuccessEmploy strict financial controls. This is extremely important in a retail food establishment.Offer the highest-quality lunchtime fare.Ensure sufficient visibility.  A strong marketing campaign required.1.3 ObjectivesTo become the premier sandwich shop in downtown NakuruTo continually draw students off campus for lunch at a rate of 35% new customers per year after the second year.StrengthsIt’s serving tasty food, offering quality service at the table. We will write a custom essay sample on Sandwich Restaurant Sample Business Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Providing decor that makes the fun of eating our restaurant a memorable experience.Pricing structure; offering a lower-priced menu than similar restaurants in your area. We generate traffic during slow times by offering special promotions, such as â€Å"buy two meals, get one free before 5 p.m.† to get patrons in the doorServing a specific type of ethnic food (sushi) not served elsewhere in the area.WeaknessesWait staff creates a weakness for our restaurant since you’re dependent on them for the personal service they provide to each table.Lack of provision of adequate employee training; showing wait staff how they should attend to tables or explaining to culinary personnel how you want food prepared and presented. Not getting consistent supplies that result in menu items not being available.Relying on an outdated point-of-sale system or using paper to keep track of ordering and stocking.OpportunitiesExpanding or providing different types of food and beverages.Taking advantage of trends related to eating healthier may mean featuring more organic dishes or salads on our menu.Finding ways to generate more traffic during slow times for example in the afternoon, may represent an opportunity for growth.Selling some of your restaurant products, such as salad dressings or baked goods, for people to buy and take home.Offering delivery services and take-out or setting up a drive-through to meet the needs of people on the go represents another potential opportunity.ThreatsCompeting restaurants located nearby represent a threat to our business, since we sell similar types of food.New restaurants opening up in your area, since area diners have more options on where to spend their dining experiences.The po tential rising price of certain foods, which prove cheaper and have gained much more popularity among the residents.

Organisational Change at HBSC

Organisational Change at HBSC Abstract HSBC recognises the capacity of an organisation to achieve the needs of its owners and other interest groups depending on their ability to maintain a competitive advantage. Human resource comprises one of the important resources at the disposal of the organisation, which while utilised appropriately, help in terms of maintaining and increasing the organisation’s competitive advantage.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Organisational Change at HBSC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organisation faced a situation, which prompted the adoption of change to enhance its effectiveness in executing its HR functions. It implemented an organisational change plan that led to moving all HR-related employee queries into online web-based systems. Previously all employees addressed their queries directly to the HR department. The current paper analyses this change situation and its implementation in the context of literature in organisational change management. Introduction Organisations that endeavour to acquire long-term success keep on changing their ways of executing business. The most appropriate changes ensure that organisations become more profitable. Geopolitical, demographic, and technological changes in conjunction with the intense pressure on physical environments pose the need for organisational change. Such changes also need to be combined with various security concerns and governance issues that help generate pressures that drive organisational change (Burke 2014). Development of consciousness for scientific, opinionated, sociological, and financial characteristics of the exterior operational atmosphere of an organisation is crucial in the effort to drive strategic initiatives for its success. Change may involve proactive and reactive approaches. While change in most cases is adopted when a new way of serving clients or a need in the market arises, it may also be adopted when a crisis occurs. Indeed, organisations, which have the capacity to identify the need for change before factors that prompt its necessity interfere negatively with their operations, stand better competitive advantage compared to those that adopt reactive approaches to implement change (Burke 2014).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Change that is implemented upon the occurrence of crisis translates to high organisational costs and a lower probability recovery from the lost competitive advantage. As revealed in the paper, this situation was avoided in case of HSBC Bank Middle East Limited. Background to the Case of HSBC Bank Middle East Limited HSBC bank Middle East Limited has its headquarters situated in Jersey. It comprises the biggest bank that operates in the Middle East region and in more than 70 others places across the globe. This stretch makes HSBC a global an d regional product that is managed through several networks across the Middle East. In particular, the bank has operations in Lebanon, Algeria, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan (HSBC 2014). The size of an organisation correlates with its ability to employ a large number of people from diverse backgrounds, and hence the higher the number of employees that the HR arm has to handle. In the effort to create a culture that encourages work-life balance for employees, the speed and efficiency in the expedition of strategies for addressing employee human resource-related issues became an important problem that HSBC Bank Middle East Limited needed to address. Corporations across different industries are interested in maintaining their levels of competitiveness for continued delivery of value to their owners or shareholders. In fact, Van de and Poole (2005, p.395) reckon, ‘any organisation in today’s fast moving environment that is looking for the pace o f change to slow is likely to be sorely disappointed’. This claim suggests that organisations must welcome and embrace change that will increase their performance. Zhou and Tse (2006) support this line of argument by claiming that organisations, which reluctantly embrace change risk losing their competitive edge. Therefore, they suffer the capacity to realise the need of their clients. HSBC Bank Middle East Limited understood that while operating in an environment of technological change, increasing its speed of expedition of the employee human resource-related issue was the key to resolving challenges, which may result in with employee conflict.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Organisational Change at HBSC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Instead of waiting for crisis to occur, the management resolved to implement online web-based system to resolve employee HR-related queries. The next sections analyse this situation from the paradigm of organisational theories of change. Diagnosing and Planning Change HSBC Bank Middle East Limited sought to implement HRIS (Human Resource Information System) to facilitate the execution of its HR activities electronically. The system provided several applications, including payroll management application, recruitment management application, and leave attendance and performance management application among others. Via the system, employees could also have access to any information on their employment status, including changes in rewards system among other information of individual interest. Web 2.0 technologies were utilised to provide employee accessibility to the system through internet at all times. It had a capability of producing customised information. This flexibility solved many of the problems as it made it easy for employees to acquire individualised responses from the HR. The organisation’s move to adopt the change was to boost the abi lity of resolution of employee issues via two-way online-based communication mechanisms. This change was to enable the organisation raise its interactive capability with a large number of employees to minimise the probability of occurrence of organisational conflicts. HSBC Bank Middle East implemented the system before any conflicts were registered. In this extent, the change that was implemented at the organisation was passive in nature. Change management theory suggests that organisations incredibly benefit by implementing a change that leads to the creation of new mechanisms of addressing customer needs (Oxtoby, McGuiness Morgan 2002). By simply asking how and why an organisation is not able to attain certain specified goals and objectives as stipulated in the organisation’s goals and objective statements, an opportunity emerges for the adoption of creative and innovative strategies for inducing success.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More HSBC adopted change in the effort to support its strategic renewal initiatives as a mechanism of increasing its performance in a rapidly changing financial and insurance industry. Strategic renewal implies the alteration of organisational strategies via processes that involve the conception of new information bases, services, potential, or commodities (Van de Poole 2005). For HSBC Bank Middle East, the main concern for strategic renewal was increasing the organisation’s capabilities. This plan mainly entailed the capacity to respond to queries that were raised by employees in an online environment. Change produces various impacts on different stakeholders in an organisation. This claim highlights the need for involving different stakeholders in the change process. Oxtoby, McGuiness, and Morgan (2002) support the importance of this approach in change management by claiming that different parties such as employees are affected by change. In case of HSBC Bank Middle East, imple menting change led to the elimination of hierarchical organisational structures that were followed when presenting and responding to employee queries. This situation amounted to the alteration of hierarchical and bureaucratic organisational culture that persisted in the HRM practices. The change rendered all people who were charged with collection of employee complaints, filling them, and their subsequent analysis ineffective. Owners of HSBC Bank Middle East comprise an important party that was influenced by the change. They benefited from increased returns owing to good employee management practices. Leigh (2013, Para. 3) supports this impact of transformation by claiming, ‘change is important in organisations to allow employees learn new skills, explore new opportunities, and exercise their creativity in ways that ultimately benefit the organisation through new ideas and increased commitment’. Therefore, change is all about enhancing employee performance by putting in place mechanisms of enabling them achieve better outputs. One of such approaches is diversification of the jobs done by employees in organisations. This noble paradigm of organisational change underlines the significance of the HSBC Bank Middle East’s changes in terms of using web-based HRM technology. Organisational Change Theories and Models Theory X and Theory Y Change involves undertaking different tasks, which while completed amount to the realisation of the planned change. People have different motivations towards execution of these chores within an organisation. An important approach to the evaluation of motivation of people entails McGregor’s theory X and Y. Theory X postulates that people are normally lazy, and that they often run away from responsibility (Lorsch Morse 2006). Hence, McGregor recommends that supervisors and managers have to conduct close supervision for their employees to realise the most out of their abilities (Lorsch Morse 2006) Theory X c alls organisations to implement hierarchical managerial structures. This strategy ensures their capacity to exert control while leaving very little room or even no room for delegation of responsibilities while executing change. Directly congruent with this assertion, Lorsch and Morse (2006) assert that achieving organisational goals from the basis of theory X demands that managers deploy coercive and threatening leadership techniques. The aim is to ensure compliance. Application of theory X during the process of implementing change can potentially lead to mistrust between various stakeholders who are affected by the change, especially those who are scheduled to facilitate change implementation such as managers and employees of the HSBC Middle East Limited. To mitigate change implementation challenges, HSBC Middle East Limited sought to balance compliance and the need to prevent probable turnover that could emerge from organisational conflicts during the change implementation process . For example, the new HR management system was implemented slowly, as people tended to maintain status quo. Indeed, the capacity for people to prefer status quo constitutes a major cause of resistance to embrace change. Employees were promised that the old system would only be shutdown when everyone was aware and able to use the new system. Theory Y holds that employees possess self-motivation and/or exercise personal control. It also claims that they are highly ambitious of getting things done (Lorsch Morse, 2006). It prescribes that workers benefit from their labour, particularly if it is bodily and psychologically satisfying. Satisfied employees solve problems more proactively. People who are inclined to this school of thought assert that employees are always ready to accept responsibilities. They utilise self-control and self-direction to ensure their capacity to realise their organisational chores. From the paradigms of theory Y, Lorsch and Morse (2006) add that when provided with opportunities, people possess incredible eagerness to achieve positive results. HSBC Middle East Limited anticipated its employees to demonstrate eagerness in terms of utilising the new system as its had the capacity to fasten the processing of their HR-related queries. Employee contentment and eagerness to do well in specific tasks act as enormous sources of motivation. Upon contemplating the role of theory Y in enhancing motivation of employees, managers have embraced it while theory X has been incredibly challenged since it supports managerial theoretical approaches that pose insignificant impacts on competitive advantage in the modern globalised and sophisticated organisations (Lorsch Morse 2006). HSBC Middle East Limited implemented its change by cutting the traditional HR management approaches in phases. This strategy suggests that theory Y can potentially reveal and provide reliable evaluation of change efforts at an organisation. Apart from theory X and Y, other theor ies, which can help in the analysis of change that was implemented at HSBC Middle East Limited encompass organisational development, systems theory, social world, and complexity theories. Social World Theory Social world theory postulates that change arises through negotiation followed by renegotiation among different organisational stakeholders. It maintains that organisations that implement change should consider parties that are involved in the change in addition to the indicators of change without negating the functions that the indicators endeavour to accomplish (Spector 2007). Tensions and challenges emerge during the evaluation of issues that are necessary to realise change, especially in terms of the efforts to achieve the desired satisfactory quality improvements during the change process. For example, while implementing change at HSBC Middle East Limited, difficulties emerged between the need to balance between the increasing need to have employee queries expedited at a hi gh speed and the need for precision and accuracy of responses to the queries raised by employees in real time. Organisational Development Organisational development theory focuses mainly on the need to plan organisational change. This claim suggests that leadership in any organisation that seeks to implement change must have foreseen the need of a desired change (Spector 2007). The theory highlights the importance of striking an agreement between various individual goals with organisational goals. From the paradigm of organisational development, change requires effective organisational communication, flexibility, and empowerment of the involved change agents. Leaders need to plan change processes by offering the definition of the current organisational state and the intended outcomes upon change implementation. Organisational development theory holds that people resist change due to reasons such as discontent with the change efforts. For instance, it may impair the status quoâ€℠¢s capacity to meet their psychological needs. People may also worry about probabilities of mishandling the change process by organisational management and raise doubts on the possibilities of change success (Carnall 2003). Change may also threaten employee jobs security. Systems Theory Systems theory suggests that various components of an organisation are interrelated. Upon improvement of the first component, a need arises for improving the second. In the determination of the overall implications of the change, systems theory emphasises the need to measure an organisation’s aspects such as infrastructure, resources like human capital and financial capital, technologies, and organisational tasks in an effort to determine their relationships. These variables lead to change upon their alteration, whether singly or in their combination (Jick Peiperl 2010). HSBC Middle East Limited has been endeavouring to implement computerised financial and customer management systems. While a ligning elements that are necessary for creating an organisation that is capable of deploying technology to increase its performance, implementation of online web-based HR management systems was incredibly significant. Complexity Theory Complexity theory focuses on measuring the degree of heterogeneity and/or diverseness of organisational environmental factors, including suppliers, employees, technology, and departments among others. McKenzie and Kims (2004) add that its aim is measuring the manner in which elements in micro-levels of any complex system influence the resulting behaviours of an organisation and its effect on the overall outcomes of macro-level elements. The rising complexities in an organisation give rise to complexities in terms of understanding change together with utilisation of the existing information to plan for organisational functional elements. The rising complexity translates into changes within an entire system. McKenzie and Kims (2004) inform that complex ity theory reveals how the increasing organisational complexity renders the adaptation of an organisation to the rapidly changing environments impossible. It nullifies the ontological theoretical explanation for changes through the rejection of the existence of a direct relationship between causality and effects. An organisation that operates within limits that almost lead to an instability point generates innovative and creative behaviours at every level of the whole system. Complexity theory also confirms that instability between the components of an organisation causes its evolution so that at a given threshold, new relationships emerge between organisation’s internal and external factors. Analysis and Evaluation of HSBC Middle East Limited using Systems Theory Systems theory analyses an organisation from the paradigm of being composed of a number of systems. At HSBC Middle East Limited, employees constitute one of the elements that make the organisation. From the systems model approach, planed alterations in the dynamics of this element also influence other components that relate to it. Mitigation of any resistance to change at HSBC Middle East Limited ensured that employees did not feel threatened. The repercussions included speedy expedition of various employee- related HR issues. This situation had the implications of creating happier, motivated, and more committed employees who were capable of attaining better performance in terms of profitability. Higher profit levels result in the availability of financial resources for HSBC Middle East Limited projects, which are beneficial to the communities and the society within which it is established. Higher profitability also means availing more financial resources for rewarding employees more competitively. Since employees are happier when their queries, particularly those that result in higher turnover or low productivity are addressed, the change ensured their satisfaction, and hence better work-life fit (Carnall 2003). This outcome translates to better relationships with family members. Therefore, the change will foster the existence of linear relationship between it and all system components. In this extent, employees constitute an environment internal factor at HSBC Middle East Limited that influences all other variables. The above propositions are made based on the hypothetical system model for evaluating change in an organisation. However, in practice, the case of HSBC Middle East Limited evidences that while some key players embrace change positively, some may oppose it. For example, HR personnel whose functions in HSBC Middle East Limited are replaced by online web-based HR management system may reluctantly make requisite decisions where inputs of human decision loops are required. The overall effects include reduced effectiveness of the system in expediting HR-related information. In such a situation, system failure may occur. This situation may lead to even higher time s of responding to employee HR-related queries. Luckily, at the organisation, this case never happened. Bureaucratic culture in change implementation process at HSBC Middle East Limited facilitated compliance with change initiatives. Perspectives of Organisational Culture in Change Implementation HSBC Bank Middle East Limited values its entire people and notes that they all count in achieving its success. This case encompasses a major aspect of its organisational culture. In this regard, culture refers to the ‘shared basic assumptions that an organisation learnt while coping with the environment and solving problems of external adaptation amid internal integration’ (Oxtoby, McGuiness Morgan 2002, p.315). Such assumptions teach all workers of an organisation the most ample procedures of seeking solutions to various problems. From a systems approach, the beliefs bind different elements in an organisation into one harmonious major component. Culture defines operational st rategies. At HSBC Bank Middle East Limited, this strategy involves deployment of people as a source of competitive advantage by endeavouring to make all stakeholders happy. The aim encompasses ensuring that all stakeholders of HSBC Bank Middle East Limited remain focused on common goals, aims, and objectives. Van de and Poole (2005) reckon that this aim is attained when all people in an organisation subscribe to a common way of thinking, interaction, values, and norms. Norms, values, and ways of thinking define culture, which needs to be aligned with business strategies for any organisation that seeks to achieve global success through people. Before the adoption of change, employees at HSBC Bank Middle East Limited followed bureaucratic and hierarchical structures to have their complaints and various queries reach the head of HRM. Thus, although the organisation valued the role of employees in driving its success as stated in its social corporate responsibility statements, a culture that encouraged bureaucracy and hierarchy hindered effective deployment of people in terms of achieving competitive advantage. HSBC (2014) states that HSBC Bank Middle East limited recruits the best talents irrespective of ethnicity, gender, disability, and other demographic characteristics. This claim implies that the organisation shares the norms and value for the needs of respecting people’s diversity. It also offers competitive reward and salary packages for its employees whose relationships at the workplace are guided by sound social values. Most importantly, the organisation continues to seek for new strategies for reducing work-life related conflicts, which may impede the morale of its people. This concern underlines the principal reason why HSBC Bank Middle East Limited sought to look for effective ways of addressing employee queries in real time. People generally resist change (Carnall 2003). This claim implies that successful implementation of change require an org anisational culture that compels people to follow guidelines. At HSBC Bank Middle East Limited, bureaucratic culture was instrumental in ensuring that employees followed precisely the set guidelines so that after the change was adopted in terms of mechanisms of forwarding their HR-related complains, all employees adopted online web-based approaches as opposed to traditional routes. Bureaucracy was a major impediment to the change implementation. Much formal authentication was required when designing change solutions. This process involved multi-level organisational assessment of online-based HR management systems. However, amid these challenges, adequate technological resources such as computers and the existence of computer literate employees made the change easily adaptive at the organisation. Model for Change Implementation Upon the identification of the obligatory changes that can produce the necessary success, the next step entails change implementation, which is accomplished w ith the aid of an appropriate theoretical model for change implementation such as Lewins model and sequential model. Bearing in mind the purpose and the parties that are involved in enhancing change at HSBC Middle East Limited, the organisation implemented change through Lewins model. Under Lewin’s model, organisational change occurs through three main stages, namely ‘unfreezing, moving, and refreezing’ (Spector 2007, p.29). In the unfreezing step, organisations create and interrogate the appropriateness of the current practices (status quo). HSBC Middle East Limited found its current practices inappropriate. Therefore, it progressed to stage two of the Lewin’s model. This stage involves redesigning and reorganisation of responsibilities and roles of various stakeholders who have the responsibility of implementing the desired change (Spector 2007). HSBC Middle East Limited successfully achieved constraints of the second stage through determination of the m andates of various stakeholders who are involved in enhancing the implementation of the new HR management system. The system led to a reduction of responsibilities of the human resource management personnel under the traditional approach. To keep them motivated, HSBC Middle East Limited did not consider revising downwards the amount of reward that was offered to them. Therefore, the third stage in Lewin’s model that entails the alignment of the pay and a reward system with the new responsibilities and roles was not evident in the change that HSBC Middle East Limited adopted. According to Lewin’s model, during change implementation, in the first stage, an organisation also needs to consider ‘diagnosis of any internal barriers of improved performance followed by a promotion of the supporters or removal of resistors in the second stage’ (Spector 2007, p.29). In such an effort, organisations create new structures. This observation reveals HSBC Middle East Limi ted’s success in implementation of the change. It was experienced in structural and hierarchical operational systems in the HR management. The Impacts of Organisational Change From the systems approach, an organisation constitutes a system that possesses various functional elements, which operate in harmony with one another. Consequently, it may affect all functional units within an organisation. Jick and Peiperl (2010) confirm that any change affects organisational policies, procedures, guidelines, and rules that are deployed to control the conduct of stakeholders such as employees, society, and organisational managers. These alterations may induce negative or positive impacts on the overall operation of an organisation. Change can increase the performance of some employees. However, in some situations, some may have reduced work morale. The situation leads to low performance. For example, at HSBC Middle East Limited, it was anticipated that employees whose roles would be re placed either partially or totally by the online web-based system for collection and subsequent responding to employee HR-related queries would have fear and perceptions of job insecurity. However, workers whose queries will be addressed in a quicker way will consider the change an important aspect. Change may create parochial self-interest. Different perspectives on change situations may create misconceptions and negative perceptions from various parochial people within an organisation. Such people influence negatively change implementation processes (Burke 2014). It creates intolerance and misunderstanding among people who embrace change with those who oppose it. This situation may lead to the emergence of organisational conflicts. More importantly, people resist change due to the fear of facing the unknown. This implication may lead to augmented strain, nervousness, panic, and exhaustion. Despite the fact that change may have negative implications, it is desired as it increases t he available knowledge bases, range of products and service, and innovative and creativity levels of organisations. These aspects enable an organisation to operate in a changing business environment (Leigh 2013). Where technological changes prompt the necessity of adopting change, an organisation acquires the ability to produce its services and products at reduced costs so that it can exploit the low-cost strategy, which enables it penetrate deeper in the global market. At HSBC Middle East Limited, change was highly desired. Inability to address employee HR-related concerns meant that HSBC Middle East Limited risked losing the motivation and dedication of employees. Conclusion Change in the HR management system at HSBC Middle East Limited comprised an important aspect of organisational change that altered its performance. With the ever-increasing incidences of cyber threats on organisations’ computerised information systems, adopting the new HR management system also comes wi th risks. Thus, the information system department had some added responsibilities in terms of mitigating these risks. Alignment of these added responsibilities with reward systems as suggested by Lewin’s model becomes important. Therefore, in the quest to ensure that HSBC Middle East Limited succeeds with implementation of the changes in the long-term, it is important to consider motivating and aligning the personnel who are tasked with providing information security with the organisational goals that define the necessity for change. This goal can be achieved through a revision of reward and remuneration packages for all personnel whose responsibilities and roles in the organisation have increased following the implementation of the change. References Burke, W 2014, Organisational Change Theory and Practice, Sage Publications, Inc, New York, NY. Carnall, A 2003, Managing Change in Organisations, Prentice Hall, Essex. HSBC 2014, About HSBC: Welcome to HSBC UA, https://www.abo ut.hsbc.ae/. Jick, D Peiperl, A 2010, Managing Change: Cases and Concepts, McGraw-Hill Irwin. New York, NY. Leigh, M 2013, Why is Change Important in an Organisation? https://smallbusiness.chron.com/. Lorsch, N Morse, J 2004, ‘Beyond theory Y’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 91-107. McKenzie, C Kims, J 2004, ‘Aesthetic as an aid to understanding complex systems and decision judgment in operating complex systems’, Emergence: Complexity and Organisations, Special Double Issue, vol. 6 no. 2, pp. 32-39. Oxtoby, B, McGuiness, T Morgan, R 2002, ‘Developing Organisational Change Capability’, European Management Journal, vol. 20 no. 3, pp. 310-320. Spector, B 2007, Implementing Organisational Change: Theory and Practice, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, NJ. Van de, V Poole, M 2005 ‘Explaining development and change in organisations’ Academy Management Review, vol. 40 no. 3, pp. 394-404.

The Scope and Health of the African Rainforest

The Scope and Health of the African Rainforest The vast African rainforest stretches across much of the central African continent, encompassing the following countries in its woods: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo, Cote dIvoire (Ivory Coast),  Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Mauritania,  Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger,  Nigeria,  Rwanda, Senegal, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,  Somalia, Sudan,  Tanzania, Togo,  Uganda, Zambia,  and  Zimbabwe. Degradation Except for the Congo Basin, the tropical rainforests of Africa have been largely depleted by commercial exploitation: logging and conversion for agriculture. In West Africa, nearly 90% of the original rainforest is gone. The remainder is heavily fragmented and in a degraded state, being poorly used. Especially problematic in Africa is desertification and conversion of rainforests to erodible agriculture and grazing lands. To counteract this trend, the World Wildlife Fund and the United Nations have put a number of global initiatives in place. Details About the Rainforests Status By far, the largest number of countries with rainforests are located in one geographical section of the world- the Afrotropical region. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) indicates that these countries,  mainly in West and Central Africa, are mostly poor with populations that live at the subsistence level. Most of the tropical rainforests  of Africa exist in the Congo (Zaire) River Basin, though remnants also are present throughout Western Africa in a sorry state due to the plight of poverty, which encourages subsistence agriculture and firewood harvesting. This realm is dry and seasonal when compared to the other areas, and the outlying portions of this rainforest are steadily becoming a desert. Over 90%  of West Africas original forest has been lost over the last century and only a small part of what remains qualifies as closed forest. Africa lost the highest percentage of rainforests during the 1980s of any other tropical region. During 1990–95 the annual rate of total deforestation in Africa was nearly 1%. In the whole of Africa, for every 28 trees cut down, only one tree is replanted. Challenges and Solutions According to rainforest expert Rhett Butler, who wrote the book A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face: The outlook for  the regions rainforests  is not promising. Many countries have agreed in principle to conventions of biodiversity and forest preservation, but in  practice, these concepts of sustainable forestry are not enforced. Most governments lack the funds and technical know-how to make these projects a reality.Funding for most conservation projects comes from foreign sectors and 70-75% of forestry in the region is funded by external resources....Additionally, a population growth rate exceeding 3% annually, combined with the poverty of rural peoples, makes it difficult for the government to control local subsistence clearing and hunting. An economic downturn in important parts of the world has many African nations re-examining their forest product harvesting policies. African and international organizations alike have initiated local programs addressing the sustainable management of rainforests. These programs are showing some potential but have had minimal effect to date. The United Nations is putting some pressure on African governments to abandon tax incentives for practices that encourage deforestation. Ecotourism and bioprospecting  are  believed to have potential as they add much or more value to local economies when compared with wood products.

Information Tectnology Audit Requirements Comparative Analysis of the Term Paper

Information Tectnology Audit Requirements Comparative Analysis of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the Sarbanes- Oxley Act (SOX) - Term Paper Example n response to the increased cases of bribery and other economic scandals of a national proportion, the Congress passed into law two critical Acts, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA) and Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977 was enacted to enforce precise companies’ record keeping systems, increase accuracy in financial recording, and to reduce bribery and corruption loopholes in the business system. The Sarbanes Oxley Act, 2002 was passed twenty years after the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act with the core objective of reducing bribery and corruption in the America cooperate sector1. Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 was projected to ensure that all chief finance officers and public companies’ chief executive officers provide an accurate financial report while Foreign Corrupt Practice Act, 1977 was designed to ensure that, all business financial information was recorded in accordance to the existing financial provisions. In the first twenty years after the enactment of the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act 1977, the American Security and Exchange Commission and the America Department of Justice did very little investigations to necessitate a helpful enforcement of the Act, reducing its impacts in countering corporate bribery and other business malpractices. However, after the WorldCom scandal and Enron scandal in 2002, the United States of American government was forced by the prevailing state of affairs to enact Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 to offset the ever-increasing cases of cooperate malpractices as well as to advance global awareness on the harmful impacts of business bribery and other malpractices. The enactment of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 was at that time intended to make bribery penalties extremely severe and to increase public awareness on the need for an accurate financial accounting and record keeping in business operations. Taking into account the level and nature of the outcomes of bribery in global economy, especially

Managerial Accounting Practise in Saudi Organizations Essay

Managerial Accounting Practise in Saudi Organizations - Essay Example The State and Extent of Using Modern Management Accounting Techniques In Particular in Making the Right Decisions Decision making is considered to be an all inclusive and widespread process that consists of various activities such as identification of the problem or the concerns, allocation of certain weights or ranks to the identified problem, evaluation and implementation of the alternative plans. Management accounting on the other hand is related to the appropriate use of relevant information in order to facilitate and direct managers to undertake informed business decisions effectively and efficiently. The most advantageous fact of management accounting practices is that is does not require conforming or following the national accounting standards which further gives a liberty or room for the business people to adopt customized management accounting techniques that are most effective in terms of their business operations. For realizing the affectivity in the decision making proce ss, organizations combine or merge the advanced quantitative and qualitative techniques. According to Johnson, The use of modern management practices has helped in focusing on the problem which inclines more towards how accounting information can be made more useful for decision making rather than how we could improve things we do . The recent developments in the modern management accounting techniques have enabled the managers to make sound decisions so that excessive costs incurred by firms could be pruned down and at the same time, the value of the products and services rendered could be enhanced. The extent to which the management accounting practices have been put into action is tremendous and quite rigorous, especially in the past two decades. Lot many research work and in-depth study in various countries across the world have undertaken to find out the relevance and significance of the modern practices to various sectors in the economy. For instance, in a research conducted b y Philip and Kerckhoffs Christian (2005), the significance of Activity Based Costing (ABC) and throughput accounting (TA) was brought forward and was revealed that MAP’s are more used as accounting tools to â€Å"make-up† the technical insights from an accounting viewpoint. The research indicated the use of working-floor insights and production process data in the formulation of a company’s income statements that are utmost essential for managerial decision making. When most of the countries have already adopted the MAPs, there are countries like Bangladesh which still need to incorporate the changes in the accounting practices. Bidhan has conducted one such study whereby it was found t modern techniques like Activity-Based Costing, Cost-Volume-Profit, Target Costing, and Just-in-Time (JIT) etc were not applied in the public and private sector manufacturing enterprises but used by just a few Multinational Corporations (MNC). (8) Most of the companies in Saudi we re still found to use the conventional and traditional accounting practices. Traditional management accounting techniques are generally perceived by the Saudi manufacturing and service sector firms to be highly important and frequently used by the responding firms. As per Ei-Ebaishi, the managers rely less in comparison to

Maritime Transport Essay Example for Free

Maritime Transport Essay Hereby it is analysed that there are three different kinds of categories which have not given any offer on MTS. The first one are nations which are willing to make offers but would rather wait until the major maritime players like the US have shown their effort to make an offer. The second group are members which fail to meet to have the professional knowledge and the technical know how to deal with the possibilities of offers. The last one is composed of players in the maritime industry which are not willing to open their maritime industry at all or on a multilateral basis as they fear that this action might end up in increased international competition and therefore they rather stick to their internal policies than taking the risk to loose their power in the market place. One significant example for the last category are the US which are unwilling to include MTS in their schedule. Another issue is the one of the different interest of country groups which were already an obstacle to the former Uruguay round. On the one hand there are the developing countries, among them mainly the EU members which â€Å"are keen to go further into the inland part of the transport chain beyond the sea leg by proposing the inclusion of feeder services and multimodal transport (mainly by Japan)†. [7] On the other hand developing countries and one of the major maritime nations the US can not accept such liberalization due to a number of economic reasons whereas the most significant argument against it is the loss of jobs of domestic workers which are engaged in the shipping industry. Although there are again lots of issues to be solved in order to reach an agreement and implementation under GATS there are yet some positive signs for a positive outcome. First of all as per data available most of the offers on MTS were from developing countries which involves members of different economic positions including more developed nations like Hong Kong and Singapore but at the same time also less developed nations e. g. Albania. According to Zhang’s thesis this can have at least two positive effects.

Time Machine :: essays research papers

The Time Machine Herbert George Wells was born in 1866 in Bromley, Kent, a few miles from London, the son of a house-maid and gardener. Wells died in 1946, a wealthy and famous author, having seen science fiction become a recognized literary form and having seen the world realize some of science fiction's fondest dreams and worst fears. Wells mother attempted to find him a safe occupation as a draper or chemist. Wells had a quick mind and a good memory that enabled him to pass subjects by examination and win a scholarship to the Normal School of Science, where he stayed for three years and, most importantly, was exposed to biology under the famous Thomas H. Huxley. Wells went into teaching and writing text books and articles for the magazines that were of that time. In 1894 he began to write science-fiction stories. -James Gunn Wells vision of the future, with its troglodytic Morlocks descended from the working class of his day and the pretty but helpless Eloi devolved from the leisure class, may seem antiquated political theory. It emerged out of the concern for social justice that drew Wells to the Fabian Society and inspired much of his later writing, but time has not dimmed the fascination of the situation and the horror of the imagery. The Time Machine brought these concerns into his fiction. It, too, involved the future, but a future imagined with greater realism and in greater detail than earlier stories of the future. It also introduced, for the first time in fiction, the notion of a machine for traveling in time. In this novel the Time Machine by H. G. Wells, starts with the time traveler trying to persuade his guest's the theory of the fourth dimension and even the invention. He tries to explain the fourth dimension before he shows them the time machine so they don't think of him as a magician. H. G. Wells uses details about the fourth dimension to teach the reader the theory about it to capture your attention. Also Wells character the time traveler says "Scientific people", "Know very well that time is only a kind of space". In this quote he is clearly using persuasion tactics. He tries to attack there consious by saying that, scientific people know that this is only a kind of space. He says this in hopes that they will believe what he says just because other

Dalit literature Essay

Chaucer and the Elizabethan Age The Neo Classical Age The Romantic and the Victorian Ages Twentieth Century Theory and practice of Translation 4 4 4 Max. Marks Uni. CIA Exam. 25 75 25 75 25 75 6 6 30 4 3 19 25 25 125 75 75 375 100 100 500 Ins. Hrs/ Week 6 6 6 Credit Total 100 100 100 I Year II Semester MAIN Paper-5 MAIN Paper-6 MAIN Paper-7 MAIN Paper-8 COMPULSORY PAPER ELECTIVE Paper-2 English Language and Linguistics Indian Literature in English Shakespeare American Literature Human Rights New Literatures English 6 5 6 5 2 6 30 5 5 5 5 2 3 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 150 75 75 75 75 75 75 450 100 100 100 100 100. 100 600 II year III Semester MAIN MAIN MAIN MAIN Paper-9 Paper-10 Paper-11 Paper-12 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 25 25 25 25 75 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 ELECTIVE Paper-3 Commonwealth Literature Literary Theory and Criticism I English Language Teaching Literature, Analysis, Approaches and Applications Film Reviews and Presentation 6 30 3 23 25 125 75 375 100 500 MAIN MAIN MAIN MAIN ELECTIVE Paper-13 Paper-14 Paper-15 Paper-16 Paper-4 (or) Project 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 3 25 25 25 25 25 75 75 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 100 30 23 125 375 500 II Year IV Semester Literary Theory and Criticism II Soft Skills, Literature and Movies. World Classics in Translation Women’s Writing in English Anatomy of Literature Total 1 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Papers Credit Total Credits Marks Total marks MAIN 16 4-5 76 100 1600 ELECTIVE 4 3 12 100 400 COMPULSORY PAPER 1 2 2 100 100 21 – 90 – 2100 Subject Total 2 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) THIRUVALLUVAR UNIVERSITY M. A. ENGLISH SYLLABUS UNDER CBCS (with effect from 2012-2013) SEMESTER I PAPER – 1 CHAUCER AND THE ELIZABETHAN AGE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to early English literature with special reference to transition from middle English to the Elizabethan ethos. 2. introduced to the earliest English writers through representative texts 3. to gain a deeper knowledge of the writers and their works UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Chaucer : Prologue to the Canterbury Tales : The Knight, The Prioress, The Wife of Bath and the Doctor of Physic. 2. John Donne : 1) The Canonization 2) Valediction Forbidding Mourning 3) Go and Catch a Falling Star UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Edmund Spenser : Prothalamion 2. Wyatt and Surrey : As Sonneteers 3. Ballads 3 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Bacon : Of Truth, Of Adversity, Of Parents and Children, Of Ambition 2. The Gospel according to St. Mark (MacMillan Annotated Classics) 3. Thomas More : The Utopia UNIT-IV : DRAMA Webster :The Duchess of Malfi UNIT-V : DRAMA Ben Jonson : The Alchemist 4 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 2 THE NEO CLASSICAL AGE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the shift to the Classical tradition in literary and political terms 2. to appreciate the tremendous changes in literary forms 3. trained to analyze the trends in literary expression of the period UNIT-I : POETRY Milton (1608 – 1674) : Paradise Lost Book IX UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Andrew Marvell (1621 – 1678) : To His Coy Mistress 2. John Dryden (1631 – 1695) : Absalom and Achitophel 3. Pope (1688 – 1744) : The Essay On Man : Epistle II (II. 1 – 92) (â€Å"Know then thyself†¦. Our greatest evil or great good†) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Addison and Steele : The Coverley Papers : Sir Roger at Church Sir Roger at the Assizes 2. Milton : Areopagitica 3. Swift : The Battle of the Books 5 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. John Dryden : All for Love 2. Richard Sheridan : The Rivals UNIT-V : FICTION 1. Daniel Defoe (1660 – 1731) : Robinson Crusoe 2. Swift (1667 – 1745) : Gulliver’s Travels 6 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 3 THE ROMANTIC AND THE VICTORIAN AGES Objectives Students are : 1. to appreciate the influence of ever changing trends brought about by social and scientific developments 2. to analyze diverse literary devices of these periods 3. to comprehend and analyze the dialectic between Neo Classicism and Romanticism 4. to gain indepth understanding of major writers of the 19th century UNIT-I: POETRY 1. Wordsworth : Tintern Abbey 2. Coleridge : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 3. Shelley : Ode to a Skylark 4. Keats : Ode on a Grecian Urn 5. Tennyson : Ulysses UNIT-II: POETRY 1. Browning : My Last Duchess 2. Blake : Night 3. D. G. Rossetti Infant Sorrow : Blessed Damozel 4. Arnold : The Scholar Gypsy Ref: Victorian poets, ed. V. S. Seturaman, Macmillan Annotated Classics 7 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III: PROSE 1. Charles Lamb : From Essays of Elia: Dissertation on a Roast Pig : Poor Relations 2. Arnold : From Culture and Anarchy: Sweetness and Light 3. Thomas Carlyle : On Shakespeare (from Victorian Prose ed. V. S. Sethuraman) UNIT-IV: DRAMA Oscar Wilde : Lady Windermere’s Fan UNIT-V: FICTION 1. Jane Austen : Emma 2. Dickens : Pickwick Papers 3. Charlotte Bronte : Jane Eyre 4. Walter Scott: Ivanhoe 8 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 4 TWENTIETH CENTURY Objectives Students are : 1. trained to acquire a working understanding of the war years and their literary consequences 2. exposed to dominant literary traditions and authors of the 20th Century 3. to analytically appreciate various emerging literary trends and forms 4. introduced to futuristic thinking through a classic science fiction novel UNIT-I : POETRY 1. W. B . Yeats 2. T. S Eliot 3. Wilfred Owen : Easter 1916 : Sailing to Byzantium : The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock : Strange Meeting UNIT-II : POETRY 1. 2. 3. 4. Hopkins. Seamus Heaney Thom Gunn Stephen Spender : Wreck of the Deutschland : The Tollund Man : On the Move : I think continually of those who are truly great. UNIT-III: PROSE 1. Orwell 2. D. H. Lawrence 3. C. P. Snow : Politics and the English Language : Why the Novel Matters : Two Cultures UNIT-IV: DRAMA 1. Beckett 2. T. S. Eliot : Waiting For Godot : The Family Reunion 9 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V: FICTION 1. Virginia Woolf : Mrs. Dalloway 2. D. H. Lawrence : Sons and Lovers 3. Arthur C. Clarke : Childhood’s End 10 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 1 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSLATION Objectives Students are trained : 1. to gain a working knowledge of the origin and development of translation 2. in the various theories and techniques of translation 3. to be able to translate literary and non-literary texts from English into an Indian language and vice-versa UNIT-I : History of Translation Origin and development of translation in the West Origin and development of translation in the Indian context UNIT-II : Theories of Translation Catford – Nida – Newmark UNIT-III : Translation of Literary – Aesthetic Texts Problems and Techniques Translation of Religious Texts in India. Translation of Poetry Translation of Fiction Translation of Plays UNIT-IV : Translation of Scientific – Technical Texts Problems and Techniques Translation of Scientific Texts Translation of Social Sciences Texts Translation of Official Circulars, Agenda, Minutes Translation of Commercial, Financial documents and Legal texts 11 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V : New trends Assessment of Translation Computer – aided Translation Reference Susan Bassnett – McGuire, Translation Studies J. C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation E. A. Nida, Towards a Science of Translation (1964) E. A. Nida and C. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (1974) Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation (1981) A. Duff, The Third Language (1961) Ayyappa Panicker, ed. Indian Literature (1995) 12 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) II SEMESTER PAPER 5 ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Objectives Students are exposed to : 1. the evolution of the English language at a deeper level, updating what has been learnt at the UG level 2. the intricacies of articulating English sounds, enabling them to speak better 3. levels of linguistic analyses, preparing them to become effective teachers UNIT-I : THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Descent of English language; Old English Period; Middle English; Renaissance & After; Growth of Vocabulary; Change of Meaning; Evolution of Standard English. Recommended Reading: F. T Wood An Outline History of English Language UNIT-II : PHONOLOGY Cardinal Vowels, English Vowels, Diphthongs and Consonants, Transcription, Syllable UNIT-III : PHONOLOGY Received Pronunciation and the need for a model, Accent, Rhythm and Intonation, Assimilation, Elision, Liaison and Juncture. Recommended Reading T. Balasubramanian A Textbook of English Phonetics for Indian Students (Chapter 3-17) 13 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : LEVELS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS Morphology, Sentences and their parts, words, phrases and clauses, phrases, Semantics, Pragmatics & Discourse Analysis Recommended Reading Geroge Yule The Study of Language (Chapters 8-13) (Second Edition Cambridge University Press, 1996) Quirk & Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English UNIT-V : SOCIOLINGUISTICS Language varieties; language, society and culture. Recommended Reading George Yule The Study of Language (Chapter 20 &21) Second Ed. CUP, 1996) Verma and Krishnaswamy Modern Linguistics (Units 42 – 45). 14 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 6 INDIAN LITERATURE IN ENGLISH Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to a wider range of works in Indian Literature in English 2. exposed to a balanced textual study of established and contemporary writers 3. enabled to acquire a holistic perception of Indian Literature in English in preparation for a teaching or research career UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Aurobindo : Thought the Paraclete 2. Nissim Ezekiel : Poet, Lover, Bird Watcher 3. A. K. Ramanujan : Anxiety (from selected poems OUP, 1995,p. 29, pp. 124-25) 4. Arun Kolatkar : From Jeiury 1. The Bus 2. A Scratch 5. Rabindranath Tagore : Gitanjali UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Daruwalla : Hawk (from The Anthgology of Twelve. Modern Indian Poets ed. A. K. Mehotra, OUP (1992) 2. Sujatha Bhat : The Star (from Monkey Shadows, Penguin India, 1993 – pp 13-15) 3. Mamta Kalia : Tribute to Papa (from Nine Indian Women 15 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Poets ed. Eunice D’Souza, OUP, 1997, pp. 2021) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Nehru : Discovery of India (Ch. 2 and 3) 2. B. R. Ambedkar : Extracts 4,5 and 6 (from Annihilation of Caste Ed. Mulk Raj Anand. Delhi: Arnold Publishers, 1990, pp. 47-54) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. Karnad : Nagamandala 2. Mahashweta Devi : Rudali (Calcutta: Seagull, 1999) UNIT-V : FICTION 1. R. K. Narayan : The English Teacher 2. Chetan Bhaghat : One Night @ the Call Centre 16 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 7 SHAKESPEARE Objectives Students are : 1. enabled to establish Shakespeare’s contribution to development of English literature and language. 2. to gain knowledge and understanding necessary to explain his dramatic skills 3. to identify and explain meaning-making and communicative strategies in the prescribed plays 4. oriented to a concrete understanding of his ‘universality’ which in this context means his ability to communicate to a far wider spectrum of people 5. prompted to recognise and appreciate his skills as a wordsmith 6. trained to identify passages (from the prescribed plays) that can be used as case studies to understand and practice soft and communicative skills. UNIT-I : As You Like It UNIT-II : Othello UNIT-III : Richard III UNIT-IV : The Winter’s Tale UNIT-V 1. The Elizabethan Theatre and Audience 2. Trends in Shakespeare Studies 17 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 8 AMERICAN LITERATURE Objectives Students are : 1. to explore the uniqueness of American literature at an advanced level 2. trained to analyze the American mind in its important facets 3. enabled to appreciate mutually beneficial relationship between India and the U.S. , through the literary medium 4. introduced to American Science Fiction through one of the most representative texts UNIT-I : POETRY 1. 2. 3. 4. Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Robert Frost Wallace Stevens : Crossing Brooklyn Ferry : Success is counted sweetest : Home Burial : Anecdote of the Jar UNIT-II : POETRY 1. e. e. cummings 2. Amiri Baraka 3. Gwendolyn Brooks : Any one lived in a pretty how town : An Agony as Now : Kitchenette Building UNIT-III : PROSE 1. R. W. Emerson 2. H. D. Thoreau 3. Allan Bloom : Self – Reliance : Walden (Selected Chapters 1,2 and 17) : Nietzscheanization of the Left or Vice-Versa (from the Closing of the American Mind 1987) 18 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. Eugene O’Neill 2. Arthur Miller : Hairy Ape : The Crucible UNIT-V : FICTION 1. Mark Twain 2. W. Faulkner 3. Isaac Asimov : Adventures of Huckleberry Finn : The Sound and the Fury : The Caves of Steel 19 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) HUMAN RIGHTS COMPULSORY PAPER UNIT-I Definition of Human Rights – Nature, Content, Legitimacy and Priority Theories on Human Rights – Historical Development of Human Rights. UNIT-II International Human Rights – Prescription and Enforcement upto World War II Human Rights and the U . N . O. – Universal Declaration of Human Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Optional Protocol. UNIT-III Human Rights Declarations – U. N. Human Rights Declarations – U. N. Human Commissioner. UNIT-IV Amnesty International – Human Rights and Helsinki Process – Regional Developments – European Human Rights System – African Human Rights System – International Human Rights in Domestic courts. UNIT-V Contemporary Issues on Human Rights: Children’s Rights – Women’s Rights Dalit’s Rights – Bonded Labour and Wages – Refugees – Capital Punishment. Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution – Directive Principles of State Policy – Fundamental Duties – National Human Rights Commission. 20 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Books for Reference: 1. International Bill of Human Rights, Amnesty International Publication, 1988. 2. Human Rights, Questions and Answers, UNESCO, 1982 3. Mausice Cranston – What is Human Rights 4. Desai, A. R. – Violation of Democratic Rights in India 5. Pandey – Constitutional Law. 6. Timm. R. W. – Working for Justice and Human Rights. 7. Human Rights, A Selected Bibliography, USIS. 8. J. C. Johari. – Human Rights and New World Order. 9. G. S. Bajwa – Human Rights in India. 10. Amnesty International, Human Rights in India. 11. P. C. Sinha & – International Encyclopedia of Peace, Security K. Cheous (Ed) Social Justice and Human Rights (Vols 1-7). 12. Devasia, V. V. – Human Rights and Victimology. Magazines: 1. 2. 3. 4. The Lawyer, Bombay Human Rights Today, Columbia University International Instruments of Human Rights, UN Publication Human Rights Quarterly, John Hopkins University, U. S. A. 21 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 3 NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH Objectives Students are introduced to contemporary and complex writers and their works spanning all the commonwealth countries. If selected for study, this paper will enable the student to acquire a highly comprehensive knowledge of commonwealth literature, enhancing their reception of the paper on commonwealth literature in the III semester, and also providing them with sufficient knowledge base for pursuing research or teaching. UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Australia – Judith Wright : At Cooloola 2. New Zealand – James Baxter : The Ikons 3. Allen Curnow : House and Land UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Canada – Al Purdy : Lament for the Dorsets (EskimosExtinct in the 14th Century AD) (from Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry) 2. Africa – Kofi Awoonor : Song of War : The Weaver Bird (from Penguin Anthology of Modern Poetry- Africa. Eds. Gerald Moore and Ulli Beier. ) 3. ace Nichols West Indies – Grace Nichols – Of course, when they ask for poems (from Six Women Poets. Ed. Judith Kinsman, OUP, 1992, pp. 41 -43) 22 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Africa – Achebe : Colonialist Criticism (from Post Colonial Studies Reader eds. Helen Tiffin, Chris Tiffin & Bill Ashcroft) 2. West Indies – V. S. Naipaul-India : A Wounded Civilization UNIT-IV : DRAMA. Australia – Louis Nowra : Radiance J. P. Clarke : Song of a goat UNIT-V : FICTION Africa-Koetzee : Disgrace Canada-Maragaret Laurence : The Stone Angel Australia-Peter Carey : Oscar and Lucinda 23 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) III SEMESTER PAPER 9 COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the literatures of the Commonwealth 2. introduced to the postcolonial perceptions of a wide range of people whose second language is English 3. trained to develop comparative perspectives 4. Trained to discuss the question of identity and dominance of landscape in Commonwealth literature UNIT-I : POETRY. Australia – A. D. Hope : Australia New Zealand – Jessie Mackay : The Noosing of the sun-god Africa – Abioseh Nicol : The Continent that lies within us UNIT-II : POETRY Africa – David Rubadiri : A Negro labourer in Liverpool Dereck Walcott : Ruins of a Great House Canada – F. R. Scott : The Canadian Author’s Meet (from Anthology of Commonwealth Verse ed. Margaret O’Donnell & An Anthology of Commonwealth Poetry ed. C. D. Narasimhaiah) UNIT-III : PROSE Sri Lanka – Ananda : The Dance of Shiva Coomaraswami 24 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA Nigeria – Wole Soyinka : The Lion and the Jewel UNIT-V : FICTION. Canada – Margaret Atwood : Surfacing Australia – Patrick White : Voss 25 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 10 LITERARY THEORY AND CRITICISM I Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to one of the most enabling forms of literary study 2. exposed to the complexities of literary theory and criticism, which is most essential aspect of literary appreciation 3. trained to understand and analyze literary writings based on the ever evolving traditions of criticism 4. enabled to form a comparative perspective of the Eastern and Western critical traditions UNIT-I Introduction to Classical Literary Criticism UNIT-II. Ancient Tamil and Sanskrit Criticism UNIT-III Johnson : Preface to Shakespeare Wordsworth : Preface to the Lyrical Ballads UNIT-IV Arnold : Study of Poetry T. S. Eliot : Tradition and Individual Talent UNIT-V N. Frye : Archetypes of Literature 26 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 11 ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING Objectives Students are : 1. expected to acquire the essentials of teaching English as a second / foreign language 2. to internalize the various methods of English language teaching, theory as well as practice 3. trained to appreciate the area specific feature of ELT, in the Indian context, to become able teachers. 4. Problems and Principles UNIT-I The role of English in India; English teaching in India today UNIT-II Theories of language learning: cognitive-theory; behaviouristic theory. First language acquisition and second language learning; Attitudes to error; Inter language UNIT-III Approaches and Methods: Grammar Translation; Audio-lingual; Communicative and Current Trends UNIT-IV Classroom Management and Teacher – Student Interaction Materials Production 27 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V Reading, Writing, Testimony, Speaking, Study Skills, Literature, Remediation Recommended Reading Howall A. P. R. A History of English Language Teaching, OUP, 1984. Richards, J and Rodgers, S. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, 2001. Ellis, R. Understanding Second Language Acquisition, London, OUP, 1985. Pit Corder, S. Introducing Applied Linguistics, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1973. Edinburgh Course in Appied Linguistics Vols. 1,2,3,4. Yalden, 1. The Communicative Syllabus: Evolution Design & Implementations. Penguin, 1983. Oller J. W. Jr. Language Tests at School, London, Longman, 1979. David Nunan, Language Teaching Methodology, Prentice Hall, 1991. 28 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 12 LITERATURE, ANALYSIS, APPROACHES AND APPLICATIONS Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to the methodologies of analysis, an integral part of literary appreciation 2. exposed to the expected levels of performance required in them 3. directed to the ever widening career options opening to a PG in English, especially in the Knowledge Processing Industry for writers, editors, instructional designers and so on UNIT-I Practical Criticism UNIT-II Journalism and Mass Communication UNIT-III Report Writing and Book Review UNIT-IV Proofreading, Editing and Advertising UNIT-V : TECHNICAL WRITING Specs, Manuals, Business correspondence 29 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 3 FILM REVIEWS AND PRESENTATION Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the newly emerging field of film studies 2. introduced to the technicalities of making and appreciation of cinema 3. trained to become reviewers, opening up another career option UNIT-I History of Cinema in India UNIT-II Major Landmarks in Indian Cinema UNIT-III What is Film Reviewing? UNIT-IV Actual reviewing by showing film clips UNIT-V The script, storyline, acting, costumes, dialogue, visuals, music and dance, graphics and special effects 30 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) IV SEMESTER PAPER 13 LITERARY THEORY AND CRITICISM II Objectives In addition to the objectives for Literary Theory and Criticism I Students are : 1. sensitized to the transition from Humanistic to Modern and Postmodern critical traditions 2. enabled to comprehend the dominance of theory in the Postmodern phase 3. introduced to recent contexts, concepts and ideologies UNIT-I Lionel Trilling: Sense of the Past Cleanth Brooks: The Language of Paradox UNIT-II Georg Lukacs: Ideology of Modernism UNIT-III Jacques Lacan : Of Structure as an Inmixing of an Otherness Prerequisite to any Subject Whatever UNIT-IV. Barthes: Death of the Author UNIT-V Simone de Beauvoir : Introduction to â€Å"The Second Sex† 31 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 14 SOFT SKILLS, LITERATURE AND MOVIES Objectives Students are : 1. trained to understand the aspects of soft skills 2. exposed to the actualities of the various skills grouped under the rubric ‘Soft Skills’ 3. motivated, through this paper, to empower themselves with the expected skills for suitable employment 4. oriented to recognize and locate the role of soft skills in real life situations UNIT-I : INTRAPERSONAL Self-management, self-esteem, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-critique,  Jane Eyre UNIT-II : EMPATHY Honesty, cultural diversity, Ability to take other’s point of view, integrating cognitive and affective skills, Nelli in â€Å"Wuthering Heights† UNIT-III : INTERPERSONAL Team work, persuasion, negotiation, conflict resolution, Reading social situations, learning to say no, active listening, Rosalind, Portia and Viola UNIT-IV : COMMUNICATION Body language, facial expression, humour, eye contact, tone of voice, etiquette, 1. Antony and Cleopatra (Movie) 2. To Sir with Love (Movie) 3. Dead Poets Society (Movie) UNIT-V : LEADERSHIP Critical, lateral, strategic thinking; delegation; taking responsibility; giving praise and appreciation; giving and receiving feedback; ability to motivate; problem solving, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† – Achebe. 32 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) References Daniel Coleman. Working with Emotional Intelligence. Dale Carnegie. How to Develop Self Confidence and Influence People by Public Speaking. 1926. rpt. 1956. Pocket Books. 33 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 15 WORLD CLASSICS IN TRANSLATION Objectives: Enable the students to appreciate the writings for them literary values, cultural importance, philosophical and socio-political background to  facilitate the development of cross-cultural perspectives. UNIT-I : Poetry Homer : The Sliad Book III Virgil : The Aeveid Book IV (438-563) Thiruvalluvar : Thirukkural Book II UNIT-II : Dante : The Inferno (Canto III) Gibran : The Prophet UNIT-III : PROSE St. Augustine : The Confessions Book – I Confucius : Analects 1, 2 Harace : As Poetria UNIT-IV : DRAMA Anton Chekov : The Cherry Orchid Kalidasa : Sahuntala Aristophanes : The Clouds UNIT-V : FICTION Leo Tolstoy : Anna Karenina Books (1 & 2) Thomas Mann : Magic Mountain 34 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 16 WOMEN’S WRITING IN ENGLISH UNIT-I: POETRY Elizabeth Barret Browming. Ways. : How Do I Love Thee? Let me count the Sylvia Plath : Lady Lazarus Maya Angelou : Phenomenal Woman Kamala Das : Introduction Toru Dutt : Sita UNIT-II: PROSE Virginia Woolf : A Room of One’s Own Arundhathi Roy : The Algebra of Infinite Justice. UNIT-III: DRAMA Mahashweta Devi : Mother of 1084 Caryll Churchill : Top Girls UNIT-IV: FICTION Jhumpa Lahiri : The Namesake Margaret Atwood : The Handmaid’s Tale UNIT-V: GENERAL Mary Woolstone craft : The Vindication of the Rights of Women Elaine Showalter : Toward a Feminist Poetics 35 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 4 ANATOMY OF LITERATURE Objectives. Students are : 1. enabled to acquaint themselves with the major generic divisions in English literature 2. trained in the universally – acknowledged conventions of literary research and documentation UNIT-I : THE ANATOMY OF PROSE The form of prose – vocabulary – grammar and idiom written and spoken prose – the paragraph – prose rhythm – individual and common style – common style and cheap style – simplicity and ornamentation – objective and subjective abstract and concrete – realism, romance and unreality – special inventions prose for its own sake – the historical approach – the science of rhetoric writing prose. UNIT-II : THE ANATOMY OF POETRY The importance of form – the physical form of poetry – metre – variation – rhyme – onomatopoeia – internal pattern – form in intonation – repetition – the main types of poetry – logical sequence – the use of associations – patterns of imagery – traditional verse forms – free verse – the choice of words – illustrations – cautions – twentieth – century techniques. UNIT-III : THE ANATOMY OF NOVEL The concept of fiction – verisimilitude – the point of view – plot – character character revealed – conversation – scene and background – dominant themes the experimental novel 36. M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : THE ANATOMY OF DRAMA Live literature – action – plots – conventional divisions – direct experience of characters – dialogue and conversation – verse and prose – types of drama drama and history – use of notes – interpretation UNIT-V : LITERARY RESEARCH Research and writing – the mechanics of writing – the format of the research paper – documentation: preparing the list of works cited – documentation: citing sources in the text – abbreviations Reference Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Prose (1954). Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Poetry (1953) Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Novel Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Drama (1960) Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th Ed. 37 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PROJECT DISSERTATION Objective Project Work is a preparatory exercise for research writing. Students are introduced to the basics of research and trained to write academically following the framework given below: 1. Introduction 2. Statement of the problem 3. Review of Literature 4. Analysis 5. Summary, findings and suggestions.